Welcome to Protoball

Supporting Researchers and Writers on Baseball’s Origins.

Current Resources

The Protoball Chronologies cover the evolution of ballgames from Ancient Times to 1870, just before the first professional baseball league began. At present, data for 1862 through 1870 are still pretty sparse.

Our "Pre-pro Baseball" feature is a working database of several thousand clubs and games 1871 (mostly). Its interactive maps may help you visualize the spread of baseball over time. It is designed so that individual club pages can link to the club's games, players, and field locations. For an example, see the[Club]

The Games Tabulation (version 1.0) is a record of over 1300 ballgames in various parts of the US from 1845 to 1860. It was compiled by the late Craig Waff᾿s careful and path-breaking research.

1859 Base Ball Players’ Pocket Companion

The Glossary of Games provides a short description of 329 baseball-like games. The Glossary includes baseball's likely predecessor games and later games that derive from baseball.

The Bibliography is a list of publications you can use to explore the origins of ball games and baseball in depth. Some of these publications are available online. For sources that are in Protoball's Buzz McCray Collection, we can, via email and phone, help you determine what their content is.

A listing of fellow origins enthusiasts and contributors can be found in our Diggers section. You can read news about them and their work in the Next Destin'd Post. Several Diggers have contributed informal Essays relating to baseball's origins.

We offer an Enhanced Search for complex full-text searches on much of the information on the site. You can save your searches, pick out important articles, and share them with other researchers.

Articles

Here are 3 of our latest articles:

1. Protoball Interview With Richard Hershberger - by Lawrence McCray in December 2021
2. Early Women's Baseball - by Bob Tholkes in December 2021
3. Notes on the History and Evolution of Stoolball - by David Block in December 2021

Here are 3 randomly selected articles:

5. Origins Newsletter -- September 2021 - by SABR Origins Committee in September 2021
6. Towards A Definition Of Baseball - by Bruce Allardice in September 2021
7. Peanuts, But No Cracker Jack - by Bruce Allardice in September 2021
8. "A Plague Is Upon Us" - by Steve Sisto in September 2021
9. Interview With Author Tom Gilbert - by Larry McCray in September 2021
10. Number of Known BB Clubs in 40 Largest US Cities, 1870 5.0 - by Bruce Allardice in July 2021
11. Origins Newsletter -- May 2021 - by Bruce Allardice in May 2021
12. Playing "Ball" In Canada In 1803 - by William Humber in May 2021
13. Old Team Nicknames - by Bruce Allardice in May 2021
14. When The Game Was Not The Thing - by Bob Tholkes in May 2021
15. Rounders: A Game That "Gets No Respect" - by David Block in May 2021
16. McKinstry vs. Brooklyn Daily Times - by Steve Sisto in March 2021
17. The First Baseball Game In Mexico - by Bruce Allardice in February 2021
18. Such Tumbles, Such Collisions - by Steve Sisto in February 2021
19. Rounders: Baseball's True Origin? - by Bruce Allardice in February 2021
20. Origins Newsletter -- February 2021 - by SABR Origins Committee in February 2021
21. Lost for 200 Years: John Thorn Detects Base Ball in New York in 1821 - by John Thorn in January 2021
22. Number of Known BB Clubs in 40 Largest US Cities, 1870 3.0 - by Bruce Allardice in September 2020
23. Ethnicity in 19C Base Ball -- A General Introduction - by Tom Gilbert in May 2020
24. The Early Sporting Press in New England 1.0 - by Donna Halper in April 2020
25. Base Ball on the Field, 1858-1865 - by Bruce Allardice in March 2020
26. Old old games - by Larry McCray in December 2019
27. Search Terms - by Larry McCray in December 2019
28. NER Project Overview - by Larry McCray in December 2019
29. Emperics - by Larry McCray in December 2019
30. Research Bibliography for Early Base Ball - by Bill Lyons in December 2019
31. Wicket Ball - by Larry McCray in December 2019
32. The Massachusetts Game - by Larry McCray in December 2019
33. Length of Games, 1860-1865 1.0 - by Bob Tholkes in October 2019
34. Sons of Liberty - by Tom Gilbert in June 2019
35. Ballplaying by Civil War Soldiers 1.0 - by Bruce Allardice in September 2018
36. Very Early (pre-1857) Rules on Base Advancement After Caught Fly Balls - by Richard Hershberger in June 2018
37. Baseball Making Notes - by Corky Gaskell in March 2018
38. Ten-Position Base Ball - by Mark Brunke in February 2018
39. 1854 Unified Kinickerbocker-Eagle-Gotham Rules - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
40. Feeder and Rounders, 1841 - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
41. La balle empoisonnée - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
42. Rules of the Massachusetts Association of Base Ball Players - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
43. 1860 NABBP Rules - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
44. The 20 Rules of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
45. Englische Base-ball - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
46. Early Evidence on Base Stealing - by Richard Hershberger in February 2016
47. The Play-Testing of Early Base Ball Rule Modifications, version 1.0 - by Richard Hershberger in January 2016
48. Cricket and the Rise of Baseball - by Bruce Allardice in June 2015
49. Beachville Deconstruction (The New York Game Comes to Canada) - by Bill Humber in May 2015
50. Uniforms - by Larry McCray in September 2014
51. Club Makeup - by Larry McCray in September 2014
52. Playing to Win - by Larry McCray in September 2014
53. Competing Pastimes - by Larry McCray in September 2014
54. The Beneficiaries - by Larry McCray in September 2014
55. The Big Tours - by Larry McCray in September 2014
56. Gambling's Role - by Larry McCray in September 2014
57. Media Effects - by Larry McCray in September 2014
58. Accounts - by Larry McCray in September 2014
59. Predecessor Pastimes - by Larry McCray in September 2014
60. Patterns of Spread - by Larry McCray in September 2014
61. Base Ball Fever - by Jeffrey Kittel in September 2014
62. The Grounds - by Marty Payne in September 2014
63. The Spread of Early Base Ball in Illinois to 1870 - by Bruce Allardice in August 2014
64. The Backstop - by Richard Hershberger in July 2014
65. Pitchers Covering First - by Richard Hershberger in July 2014
66. Called Pitches - by Richard Hershberger in July 2014
67. Judgment! - by Richard Hershberger in July 2014
68. Protoball Search Aid - by Larry McCray in March 2014
69. Spirit Letters From X, 1857-8 - by Bob Tholkes in February 2014
70. Stoolball Today -- The Rejuvenation of an Ancient Pastime - by John and Kay Price in November 2013
71. 19CBB Highlights, August September 2013 - by Bob Tholkes in October 2013
72. For Fun and Health -- That's Why She Played - by Debbie Shattuck in October 2013
73. Bruce Allardice Find Stories, October 2013 - by Bruce Allardice in October 2013
74. Richard Hershberger Interview, October 2013 - by Protoball Functionary in October 2013
75. Internet Search Tips - by Bruce Allardice in October 2013
76. Sliding - by Richard Hershberger in October 2013
77. The Spread of Base Ball, 1859 - 1870 - by Bruce Allardice in September 2013
78. Interview with 2013 SABR-Origins Chair Bill Johnson - by Protoball Functionary in August 2013
79. Next Destin'd Post, August 2013 - by Larry McCray in August 2013
80. 1857 Rules - by Jeffrey Kittel in July 2013
81. The Next Destin'd Post, June 2013 - by Larry McCray in June 2013
82. 19CBB Digest, April-May 2013 - by Bob Tholkes in June 2013
83. Performing Logic Searches on Protoball - by Dave Anderson in June 2013
84. Don't Forget the Girls - by Debbie Shattuck in June 2013
85. Sam Marchiano and the 1755 Bray Diary Find - by Protoball Functionary in June 2013
86. Interview with Bill Ryczek - by Protoball Functionary in June 2013
87. 1845 Knickerbocker Rules - by Jeffrey Kittel in April 2013
88. Randall Brown's Find of the Wheaton Account -- Before the Knickerbockers - by Randall Brown in April 2013
89. Multi-word Searches on Protoball - by David Anderson in April 2013
90. 19CBB Digest, March 2013 - by Bob Tholkes in April 2013
91. New England Woman Observes Ball Play in Norfolk, Virginia in 1802 - by Tom Altherr in April 2013
92. Interview with Peter Morris - by Protoball Functionary in April 2013
93. Next Destin'd Post, April 2013 - by Larry McCray in April 2013
94. New Englander Confronts Impious Sunday Ball-playing in Virginia - by Tom Altherr in March 2013
95. Irish Rounders (Burman's Report) - by Howard Burman in March 2013
96. Linking Clubs to Ballgames - by Dave Anderson in February 2013
97. Dave's Tip No. 1 -- Using "Site Search" and "Enhanced Search" - by Dave Anderson in February 2013
98. Postings to 19CBB, Jan. - Feb. 2013 - by Bob Tholkes in February 2013
99. Tom Altherr Contemplates His Favorite Finds - by Tom Altherr in February 2013
100. An Interview with David Block - by Protoball Functionary in February 2013
101. A Place Leavel Enough to Play Ball - by Tom Altherr in February 2013
102. The Next Destin'd Post, January 2013 - by Larry McCray in January 2013
103. The Story of George Thompson’s 1823 Find --- Base Ball in New York City - by George Thompson in January 2013
104. Bob Tholkes Condenses Key 19CBB Postings in December 2012 - by Bob Tholkes in January 2013

Conditions of Use

Users are encouraged to freely use information on this web site. When that information is found to be useful in drafting published work, we ask that they acknowledge the Protoball Project in their writing, and supply the site's URL -- http://protoball.org -- when possible, in their citations.

Further Information

For more information about the evolution of Protoball Project, its policies, and resources, see our About page.

Contact Larry McCray of the Protoball Project at with any questions or contributions.

Features in Development

Please tell us if you see that new features could make the site more useful to you. Would a User Forum for site-user commentary make sense? Should we highlight "Most Wanted" data?

1867 Star Club tobacco card