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<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Epic of Gilgamesh,</span> dated as early at 2100 BCE.</p>
<p>Mark Pestana, who tipped Protoball off on the Sumerian reference, suggest two texts for further insight: </p>
<p>[1] Damrosch, David, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh</span> (New York, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2007). For specific reference to the ball & mallet, page 232. Damrosch’s comment on the primacy of Andrew George’s interpretation: “For Gilgamesh, the starting point is Andrew George’s The Epic of Gilgamesh: A New Translation. . . "This is the best and most complete translation of the epic ever published, including newly discovered passages not included in any other translation.” (Damrosch, page 295)</p>
<p>[2] George, Andrew, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Epic of Gilgamesh: A New Translation</span> (London, England: Penguin Books, 1999). This book includes a complete translation of the Standard version, a generous helping of fragments of the Old Babylonian version, plus the Sumerian “ur-texts” of the individual Gilgamesh poems. The quote I included describing the ball game is to be found on page 183.</p>
<p> In the <em>Supplemental Tex</em>t, below, we provide an excerpt from a translation by Andrew George from his "Gilgamesh and the Netherworld." </p> +
<p>John Fox, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Ball: Discovering the Object of the Game</span> (Harper Perennial, 2012), page 36.</p>
<p>For the later Asian game, see https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/found-ancient-balls-xinjiang.</p> +
<p><strong>[A] </strong>David Block, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Pastime Lost</span> (U Nebraska Press, 2019), pp 53-54. See also pp 55-56.</p>
<p><strong>[B] </strong>George Chapman (translator), <span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Whole Works of Homer,</span> (London, 1606), p. 89.</p>
<p><strong>Note: </strong>For one recent review of knowledge of very early ball play by humans, see John Fox, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Ball: Discovering the Object of the Game</span> (Harper, 2012), pp. 30-47. </p>
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<p>Johan Grundt Tanum Forlag, "The Saga of the Greenlanders; Eirik the Red Takes Land in Iceland," <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vinland the Good: The Saga of Leif Eiricsson and the Viking Discovery of America</span> (Oslo, 1970), page 39.</p> +
<p>Philadelphia <em>Press</em>, July 29, 1865</p> +
<p><strong>Note:</strong> This source is Henderson, Robert W., <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ball, Bat and Bishop: The Origins of Ball Games</span> [Rockport Press, 1947], p. 75.</p> +
<p>The book <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Spain: A History in Art by Bradley Smith</span> (Doubleday, 1971) includes a plate that appears to show "several representations of baseball figures and some narrative." The work is dated to 1255, the period of Spain's King Alfonso.</p>
<p>Email from Ron Gabriel, July 10, 2007. Ron also has supplied a quality color photocopy of this plate, which was the subject of his presentation at the 1974 SABR convention. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">2007 Annotation</span>: can we specify the painting and its creator? Can we learn how baseball historians and others interpret this artwork?</p>
<p>From Pam Bakker, email of 1/4/2022:</p>
<p>"Cantigas de Santa Maria,"or "Canticles (songs) of Holy Mary" by Alfonso X of Castile El Sabio (1221-1284)</p>
<p> </p> +
<p>"The Twenty-Fifth Infantry Regiment Takes the Field," National Pastime 15 (1995) pp. 59-64</p> +
<p>Lionel Cust, "The Frescoes in the Casa Borromeo at Milan," <em>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</em>, Vol. 33, No. 184 (July 1918), 8. Link to color image: <a href="http://www.storiadimilano.it/Arte/giochiborromeo/giochiborromeo.htm">http://www.storiadimilano.it/Arte/giochiborromeo/giochiborromeo.htm</a></p> +
<p>The New York Clipper, Nov. 5, 1870</p> +
<p> </p>
<p>Brewster, Paul G., <span style="text-decoration: underline;">American Nonsinging Games</span> [University of Oklahoma Press, Norman OK, 1953] pp. 79-89. Submitted by John Thorn, 6/6/04. Brewster gives no source for the French dictum, nor for the "later date" when Easter play ceased in England.</p>
<p>Bob Tholkes (email of 10/4/2017) found a later source: Dawn Marie Hayes, “Earthly Uses of Heavenly Spaces: Non-Liturgical Activities in Sacred Place”, in <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Studies in Medieval History & Culture</span>, Francis G. Gentry, ed., Routledge, 2003, p. 64. </p>
<p> </p> +
<p>Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey), <em>So Cruel a Prison, </em>Norton Anthology of Poetry, 3rd edition, 1983: from <em>Songes and sonettes, written by the right honourable Lorde Henry Howard, late Earle of Surrey </em>(London, A. R. Tottel, 1557).</p> +
<p>From an unidentified photocopy in the "Origins of Baseball" file at the Giamatti Center at Cooperstown. (Found c. 2006)</p> +
<p>Brown, J. F., <span>The Story of the Royal Grammar School, Guildford</span>, 1950, page 6.</p> +
<p>Sir Philip Sydney, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Arcadia</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">: Sonnets</span> [1622], page 493. <strong>Note:</strong> citation needs confirmation.</p> +
<p>A.G. Steel and R. H. Lyttelton, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cricket,</span> (Longmans Green, London, 1890) 4<sup>th</sup> edition, page 6.</p> +
https://civilwarintheeast.com/us-regiments-batteries/new-york-infantry/159th-new-york/ +